Biomarkers Are Characteristics That Can Be Objectively Measured And Evaluated As Indicators Of Normal Biological Activity

 

Biomarkers 

A Biomarker is a biological parameter that can be measured and quantified and is used to identify a specific physiological condition. A Biomarkers are a material that can be detected in a medical setting to indicate the presence of a specific disease state or the effectiveness of a treatment intervention. Specific pathogenic entities, cytological or histological traits, genetic mutations, or proteins are a few examples. Changes in the expression of proteins and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) may also be used as biomarkers. Years of research have led to the development of molecular markers that can be used for epidemiological studies, illness diagnosis, and health-related evaluations, including cancer, cardiovascular, neurological, and inflammatory diseases.

The capacity to identify a disease at its early stage is frequently directly related to the ability to effectively treat and cure it. Since cancer is frequently detected in advanced stages, delaying appropriate treatment and perhaps worsening prognosis, there has been a significant need to enhance early diagnosis. The advancements in the domains of genomics and proteomics have coincided with an increase in interest in measuring cancer risk, monitoring disease, predicting recurrence, and determining the effectiveness of treatments.

As a result, several methods, including DNA and tissue microarray, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and protein assays combined with improved bioinformatic tools, have been used to find molecules linked to various types of malignancies. The ideal Biomarkers are highly specific for a particular illness condition and is measurably in readily available body fluids, such as saliva, serum, or urine, for clinical application and routine use. As a result, a cancer biomarker, for instance, may be linked to a particular way the body reacts to cancer or it may be a chemical generated by the disease itself that is simple to find in bodily fluids. Regularly used cancer biomarkers include PSA, CA 125 (ovarian cancer), and CA 15-3 (breast cancer) (prostate cancer).

However, clinically valid Biomarkers are uncommon, because the majority of putative biomarkers are present in a wide range of diseases. Biomarker pattern proteome analysis can be used to examine the expression profiles of hundreds of proteins simultaneously in order to improve the discovery process. Thus, a more precise illness index can be produced by combining a number of very generic biomarkers.

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