Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines; Helps Protect Against Certain Types of HPV

 

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines are used to for the treatment of vaginal cancer, cervical cancer, anal cancer, and genital wart. To date, Gardasil, Gardasil 9, and Cervarix are three commercially available HPV vaccines in the market. The safety of the all three vaccines has been well studied. All three human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines has undergone years of extensive safety testing before being licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). HPV vaccine is recommended for routine vaccination at age of 11 or 12 years (vaccination can be started at age 9). The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends vaccination for everyone through age 26 years if not adequately vaccinated previously.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral pathogens. It is a different than Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HPV is a major cause of throat, mouth, anus, penis, vagina, vulva, and cervical cancer. Various strains of HPV plays an important role in causing most cervical cancer. HPV is a viral infection that is passed between people through skin-to-skin contact. There are more than 100 varieties of HPV, of which, around 40 undergo sexual contact and can affect the throat, mouth, or genitals of a human being. Cervical cancer occurs in the cells of the cervix, tissue that connects the uterus and vagina.

According to World Health Organization (WHO) 2019 report, each year, more than 290 million women suffer from HPV infection worldwide, and every day, more than one million people suffer from sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide. Thus, with increasing number of STIs, the demand for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines is also increasing. For example, in 2018, Merck & Co., Inc. received FDA approval for Gardasil 9 (HPV 9-valent vaccine) for the treatment of certain diseases caused by HPV. Gardasil 9 is used for vaginal, vulvar, cervical, and anal cancers caused by HPV. Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women.

Cervical cancer occurs in the cells of the cervix, tissue that connects the uterus and vagina. According to the WHO, in 2018, around 570,000 women were diagnosed with cervical cancer and about 311,000 women died from the disease, worldwide. In October 2019, Kenya launched a mass vaccination of girls against the HPV, which can lead to cervical cancer. Moreover, in November 2020, WHO launched a global initiative to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer, and set up an historical milestone that pledged to eliminate a malignant disease by pursuing three important steps, such as screening, treatment, and vaccination.

So far, three Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines, such as Cervarix (bivalent HPV vaccine), Gardasil (quadrivalent HPV vaccine), & Gardasil9 (9-valent HPV vaccine) have been approved by the U.S FDA. All three HPV vaccines protect against HPV types 16 and 18 that cause most HPV cancers. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), two doses of the HPV vaccines are recommended, 6 to 12 months apart. Third dose is needed if the shots are given less than 5 months apart. However, there are some mild side effects of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, such as swelling, redness, or pain in the arm where the shot was given, headache, nausea, dizziness, fever, and muscle or joint pain.

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